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عمران::
جریان واریزه
Several related types of rapid onset or 'short-fuse' events are usually included, such as debris flows and the flooding caused by ice jams, dam breaks, levee breaches and surface water in urban areas.
This considers flash floods from a number of sources, including rivers, ice jams, debris flows, urban drainage issues, dam breaks, levee breaches and glacial lake outburst floods.
These include the development of techniques for monitoring debris flows and assessing the flood risk in urban areas, and for estimating the impacts of dam breaks and levee breaches.
9 Debris Flows ............................................................................................ 271 9.1 Introduction...................................................................................... 271 9.2 Debris Flow Risk Assessments ........................................................ 278 9.2.1 Definitions............................................................................ 278 9.2.2 Modelling............................................................................. 279 9.2.3 Hazard and Evacuation Maps .............................................. 281 9.3 Warning Systems.............................................................................. 283 9.3.1 Monitoring ........................................................................... 283 9.3.2 Thresholds............................................................................ 285 9.4 Summary .......................................................................................... 288 References................................................................................................. 289 10 Urban Flooding ....................................................................................... 293 10.1 Introduction.................................................................................... 293 10.2 Flood Risk Assessments................................................................. 299 10.2.1 Definitions........................................................................ 299 10.2.2 Modelling......................................................................... 300 10.3 Warning Systems............................................................................ 304 10.3.1 Monitoring ....................................................................... 304 10.3.2 Thresholds........................................................................ 305 10.3.3 Flood Forecasting............................................................. 307 10.4 Summary ........................................................................................ 308 References................................................................................................. 309 11 Dams and Levees..................................................................................... 313 11.1 Introduction.................................................................................... 313 11.2 Flood Risk Assessments................................................................. 318 11.2.1 Definitions........................................................................ 318 11.2.2 Modelling......................................................................... 320 11.2.3 Flood Response Planning................................................. 322 11.3 Warning Systems............................................................................ 324 11.3.1 Monitoring ....................................................................... 324 11.3.2 Thresholds........................................................................ 328 11.4 Summary ........................................................................................ 330 References................................................................................................. 331 12 Research................................................................................................... 335 12.1 Introduction.................................................................................... 335 12.2 Monitoring ..................................................................................... 341 12.2.1 Precipitation Measurement .............................................. 341 12.2.2 Catchment Monitoring ..................................................... 347 12.3 Forecasting ..................................................................................... 349 12.3.1 Rainfall Forecasting ......................................................... 349 12.3.2 Flash Flood Forecasting ................................................... 355
Debris flows are another closely related hazard.
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